RTE Knowledge Resources

Knowledge resources have shown their relevance for applied semantic inference, and are extensively used by applied inference systems, such as those developed within the Textual Entailment framework.

This page presents a list of the knowledge resources used by systems that have participated in the last RTE challenges. The first table lists the publicly available resources, the second one lists unpublished resources. Both tables are sortable by Resource name, type, author and number of users.

RTE Participants are encouraged to add information about all kind of knowledge resources used, from standard existing resources (e.g. WordNet) to knowledge collections created for specific purposes, which can be made available to the community.

Call for Resources

In order to help the research, all the participants are invited to contribute, sharing their own resources with the RTE community.
Making the resources available to be used by other systems has several advantages. On the one hand, it helps improve the TE technology; on the other hand, it offers an opportunity to further test and evaluate the resource.

• RTE6 - Call for Resources
• RTE7 - Call for Resources

Ablation Tests

An ablation test consists of removing one module at a time from a system, and rerunning the system on the test set with the other modules, except the one tested.
Ablation test are meant to help better understand the relevance of the knowledge resources used by RTE systems, and evaluate the contribution of each of them to the systems' performances. In fact, comparing the results achieved in the ablation tests to those obtained by the systems as a whole allows assessing the contribution given by each single resource.

• RTE5 - Ablation Tests
• RTE6 - Ablation Tests
• RTE7 - Ablation Tests

Publicly available Resources

Resource	Type	Author	Brief description	PAST Users	RTE4 Users	RTE5 Users	RTE6 Users	Usage info
WordNet	Lexical DB	Princeton University	Lexical database of English nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs	3	21	18	22	Users
eXtended Wordnet	Lexical DB	Human Language Technology Research Institute, University of Texas at Dallas	Extension of WordNet based on the exploitation of the information contained in WordNet definitional glosses: the glosses are syntactically parsed, transformed into logic forms and content words are semantically disambiguated. The Extended Wordnet is an ongoing project.	0	0	2	0	Users
Augmented Wordnet	Lexical DB	Stanford University	The resource is the result of the application of a learning algorithm for inducing semantic taxonomies from parsed text. The algorithm automatically acquires items of world knowledge, and uses these to produce significantly enhanced versions of WordNet (up to 40,000 synsets more).	0	0	1	0	Users
Verbnet	Lexical DB	University of Colorado Boulder	Lexicon for English verbs organized into classes extending Levin (1993) classes through refinement and addition of subclasses to achieve syntactic and semantic coherence among members of a class	2	2	1	0	Users
VerbOcean	Lexical DB	Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California	Broad-coverage semantic network of verbs	2	3	6	7	Users
FrameNet	Lexical DB	ICSI (International Computer Science Institute) - Berkley University	Lexical resource for English words, based on frame semantics (valences) and supported by corpus evidence	1	1	2	3	Users
NomBank	Lexical DB	New York University	Lexical resource containing syntactic frames for nouns, extracted from annotated corpora	2	1	0	0	Users
PropBank	Lexical DB	University of Colorado Boulder	Lexical resource containing syntactic frames for verbs, extracted from annotated corpora	2	1	1	0	Users
Nomlex Plus	Lexical DB	New York University	Dictionary of English nominalizations: it describes the allowed complements for a nominalization and relates the nominal complements to the arguments of the corresponding verb	0	1	0	0	Users
Dekang Lin’s Thesaurus	Thesaurus	University of Alberta	Thesaurus automatically constructed using a parsed corpus, based on distributional similarity scores	0	1	1	2	Users
Grady Ward's Moby Thesaurus	Thesaurus	University of Sheffield	Thesaurus containing 30,260 root words, with 2,520,264 synonyms and related terms. Grady Ward placed this thesaurus in the public domain in 1996.	0	0	1	0	Users
Roget's Thesaurus	Thesaurus	Peter Mark Roget (Electronic version distributed by University of Chicago)	Roget's Thesaurus is a widely-used English thesaurus, created by Dr. Peter Mark Roget in 1805. The original edition had 15,000 words, and each new edition has been larger. The electronic edition (version 1.02) is made available by University of Chicago.	1	0	1	0	Users
Wikipedia	Encyclopedia		Free encyclopedia. Used for extraction of lexical-semantic rules (from its more structured parts), named entity recognition, geographical information etc.	0	3	6	6	Users
Umbel	Ontology	Structured Dynamics LLC, Coralville, IA	UMBEL stands for Upper Mapping and Binding Exchange Layer and is a lightweight ontology structure for relating Web content and data to a standard set of subject concepts	0	0	1	0	Users
YAGO	Ontology	Max-Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbrücken, Germany	Light-weight and extensible ontology. It contains more than 2 million entities and 20 million facts about these entities. The facts have been automatically extracted from Wikipedia and unified with WordNet.	0	0	1	0	Users
DBpedia	Ontology	Open community project	DBpedia is a community effort to extract structured information from Wikipedia and to make this information available on the Web. The DBpedia knowledge base currently describes more than 2.9 million things in 91 different languages and consists of 479 million pieces of information.	0	0	1	0	Users
DIRT Paraphrase Collection	Collection of paraphrases	University of Alberta	DIRT (Discovery of Inference Rules from Text) is both an algorithm and a resulting knowledge collection. The DIRT knowledge collection is the output of the DIRT algorithm over a 1GB set of newspaper text.	2	4	3	4	Users
TEASE Collection	Collection of Entailment Rules	Bar-Ilan University	Output of the TEASE algorithm	0	0	0	0	Users
BADC Acronym and Abbreviation List	Word List	BADC (British Atmospheric Data Centre)	Acronym and Abbreviation List	0	1	1	0	Users
Catvar The Categorial Variation Database (English)	Word List	University of Maryland	A Categorial-Variation Database (or Catvar) is a database of clusters of uninflected words (lexemes) and their categorial (i.e. part-of-speech) variants. The database was developed for English using a combination of resources and algorithms, including the LCS Verb and Preposition Databases (Dorr 2001), the Brown Corpus section of the Penn Treebank (Marcus et al. 1994), an English morphological analysis lexicon developed for PC-Kimmo (ENGLEX) (Antworth 1990), WordNet1.6 (Fellbaum 1998), an English Verb-Noun list extracted from Nomlex (Macleod et al. 1998), a similar list extracted from LDOCE (Procter 1978) and the Porter stemmer (Porter 1980).	0	0	0	1	Users
Acronym Guide	Word List	Acronym-Guide.com	Acronym and Abbreviation Lists for English, branched in thematic directories	1	1	3	0	Users
Web1T 5-grams	Word list	Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania; Google Inc.	Data set containing English word n-grams and their observed frequency counts. The n-gram counts were generated from approximately 1 trillion word tokens of text from publicly accessible Web pages	0	1	0	0	Users
Normalized Google Distance (RTE3&RTE4)	Word Pair Co-occurrence	Saarland University	Co-occurrence of the word pairs in RTE3 and RTE4 using Normalized Google Distance (Cilibrasi and Vitanyi, 2004). The word pairs are all the possible combinations of content words in T and H. In practice, we used Yahoo! as the search engine.	0	0	1	0	Users
Normalized Google Distance (RTE5)	Word Pair Co-occurrence	Saarland University	Co-occurrence of the word pairs in RTE3 and RTE4 using Normalized Google Distance (Cilibrasi and Vitanyi, 2004). The word pairs are all the possible combinations of content words in T and H. In practice, we used Yahoo! as the search engine.	0	0	1	0	Users
GNIS - Geographic Names Information System	Gazetteer	USGS (United States Geological Survey)	Database containing the Federal and national standard toponyms for USA, associated areas and Antarctica	0	1	0	0	Users
Geonames	Gazetteer		Database containing eight million geographical names. It is integrating geographical data such as names of places in various languages, elevation, population and others from various sources.	0	1	0	0	Users
Sekine's Paraphrase Database	Collection of paraphrases	Department of Computer Science, New York University	Data-base created using Sekine's method, NOT cleaned up by human. It includes 19,975 sets of paraphrases with 191,572 phrases.	0	0	0	0	Users
Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus	Collection of paraphrases	Microsoft Research	Text file containing 5800 pairs of sentences which have been extracted from news sources on the web, along with human annotations indicating whether each pair captures a paraphrase/semantic equivalence relationship.	0	0	0	0	Users
Downward entailing operators	Collection of entailing operators	Department of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca NY	System output of an unsupervised algorithm recovering many Downward Entailing operators, like 'doubt'.	0	0	1	0	Users
WikiRules!	Lexical Reference rule-base	Bar-Ilan University	Extraction of about 8 million lexical reference rules from the text body (first sentence) and from metadata (links, redirects, parentheses) of Wikipedia. Provides better performance than other automatically constructed resources and comparable performance to WordNet. Offers complementary knowledge to WordNet.	0	1	1	0	Users
DART	Collection of "world knowledge" propositions	Boeing Research and Technology	23 million tuples such as "airplanes can fly to airports", "rivers can flood" collected from abstracted parse trees.	0	0	0	0	Users
FRED	FrameNet-derived entailment rule-base	Bar-Ilan University	This package contains the outputs of the FRED algorithm which extracts entailment rules from FrameNet.	0	0	0	0	Users
DIRECT	Directional Distributional Term-Similarity Resource	Bar-Ilan University	This is a resource of directional distributional term-similarity rules (mostly lexical entailment rules) automatically extracted using the inclusion relation as described in (Kotlerman et.al., ACL-09).	0	0	0	0	Users
binaryDIRT	Entailment rules between binary templates using DIRT algorithm	Bar-Ilan University	This resource contains entailment rules over binary templates learned over the Reuters corpus using the DIRT algorithm of Lin and Pantel.	0	0	0	0	Users
unaryBInc	Entailment rules between unary templates using BInc algorithm	Bar-Ilan University	This resource contains entailment rules over unary templates learned over the Reuters corpus using the BInc algorithm of Szpektor and Dagan (2008).	0	0	0	0	Users
New resource			Participants are encouraged to contribute					Users

Not available Resources

The following table lists the unpublished resources used by RTE participants. Some of them have been developed by Users themselves specifically for RTE. Interested people may turn to authors to obtain further information.

Resource	Type	Author	Brief description	PAST Users	RTE4 Users	RTE5 Users	RTE6 Users	Usage info
PARC Polarity Lexicon	Lexical DB	PARC - Palo Alto Research Center	Verbs classification with respect to semantic polarity	0	1	0	0	Users
Gazetteer from TREC	Gazetteer	NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology	Cities and other geographical names	1	0	0	0	Users
DFKI Geographic Ontology (to be released)	Ontology	DFKI - German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence	Ontology containing geographic terms and two kinds of relations: the directional part-of relation, and the equal relation for synonyms and abbreviations of the same geographic area (e.g the United Kingdom, the UK, Great Britain, etc.)	0	1	0	0	Users
Geo	Collection of Entailment Rules	Bar-Ilan University; Tel-Aviv University	Meronymy entailment rules, based on TREC’s TIPSTER gazetteer.	0	0	1	0	Users
Regex	Collection of Entailment rules	Bar-Ilan University; Tel-Aviv University	Small set of entailment rules based on regular expressions, intended to address lexical variability involving temporal phrases	0	0	1	0	Users
Syntactic rule base (to be released)	Collection of Entailment Rules	Bar-Ilan University; Tel-Aviv University	A manually-composed collection of entailment rules which define parse tree transformations. The rules cover generic syntactic phenomena such as appositions, conjunctions, passive, relative clause, etc. (Bar-Haim et al., AAAI-07)	0	1	1	0	Users
Polarity rule base (to be released)	Collection of Entailment Rules	Bar-Ilan University; Tel-Aviv University	A manually-composed collection of entailment rules which detect predicates whose polarity is negative (e.g. didn't dance) or unknown (e.g. plans to dance). The rules capture diverse phenomena that affect polarity, e.g. verbal negation, modal verbs, conditionals, and certain verbs that induce negative or "unknown" polarity context. The latter were taken mainly from VerbNet. Extends a resource described in (Bar-Haim et al., AAAI-07)	0	1	0	0	Users
Lexical-Syntactic rule base	Collection of Entailment Rules	Bar-Ilan University; Tel-Aviv University	Extract lexical-syntactic entailment rules for predicates (verbal and nominal), including argument mapping. The resource is based on WordNet, Nomlex-Plus and Unary DIRT (Szpektor and Dagan, Coling 08)	0	1	0	0	Users
OPENU Collection	Collection of Entailment Rules and Patterns	Open University	Collections of rules, patterns etc. for RTE purpose, extracted from Reuter corpus parsed using Minipar.	1	0	0	0	Users
Abbr	Collection of rules for abbreviation	Bar-Ilan University; Tel-Aviv University	2000 Abbreviation rules, extracted from BADC and Acronym Guide	0	0	1	0	Users
UAIC Negation_list	Negation rules	„Al. I. Cuza“ University, Iasi, Romania	List of negative terms and words (verbs, adjectives, nouns) affecting modality or factuality of a infinitive verb preceded by the particle "to" (e.g. "believe","necessary", "attempt")	0	0	1	0	Users
DLSIUAES Negation_list	List of negative terms	University of Alicante	Basic list of negative terms.	0	0	1	0	Users
UAIC Quantifier_list	List of quantifiers	„Al. I. Cuza“ University, Iasi, Romania	List of quantifiers affecting entailment judgment. The quantifiers are taken from a list which contains expressions like “more than”, “less than”, or words such as “over”, “under”, etc.	0	0	1	0	Users
FBKirst StopWord list	List of frequent words	FBK-Irst; University of Trento - Italy	A list of the 572 most frequent English words.	0	0	1	0	Users
IKOMA Dictionary of Named Entities Acronyms and Synonyms	Dictionary of Named Entities Acronyms and Synonyms	IKOMA; NEC Corporation, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, Japan	Acronym dictionary constructed automatically from the corpus and a synonym dictionary that contains geographical terms.	0	0	0	1	Users

Footnotes

Return to: Textual_Entailment_Resource_Pool