TOEFL Synonym Questions (State of the art)
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
The printable version is no longer supported and may have rendering errors. Please update your browser bookmarks and please use the default browser print function instead.
- TOEFL = Test of English as a Foreign Language
- 80 multiple-choice synonym questions; 4 choices per question
- TOEFL questions available from Thomas Landauer
- introduced in Landauer and Dumais (1997) as a way of evaluating algorithms for measuring similarity
- subsequently used by many other researchers
- Reference for algorithm = where to find out more about given algorithm for measuring similarity
- Reference for experiment = where to find out more about evaluation of given algorithm with TOEFL questions
- Algorithm = general type of algorithm: corpus-based, lexicon-based, hybrid
- Correct = percent of 80 questions that given algorithm answered correctly
- 95% confidence = confidence interval calculated using Binomial Exact Test
- table rows sorted in order of increasing percent correct
Reference for algorithm | Reference for experiment | Algorithm | Correct | 95% confidence |
---|---|---|---|---|
Resnik (1995) | Jarmasz and Szpakowicz (2003) | hybrid | 20.31% | 12.89–31.83% |
Leacock and Chodrow (1998) | Jarmasz and Szpakowicz (2003) | lexicon-based | 21.88% | 13.91–33.21% |
Lin (1998) | Jarmasz and Szpakowicz (2003) | hybrid | 24.06% | 15.99–35.94% |
Jiang and Conrath (1997) | Jarmasz and Szpakowicz (2003) | hybrid | 25.00% | 15.99–35.94% |
Landauer and Dumais (1997) | Landauer and Dumais (1997) | corpus-based | 64.38% | 52.90–74.80% |
Average non-English US college applicant | Landauer and Dumais (1997) | human | 64.50% | 53.01–74.88% |
Turney (2001) | Turney (2001) | corpus-based | 73.75% | 62.71–82.96% |
Hirst and St.-Onge (1998) | Jarmasz and Szpakowicz (2003) | lexicon-based | 77.91% | 68.17–87.11% |
Jarmasz and Szpakowicz (2003) | Jarmasz and Szpakowicz (2003) | lexicon-based | 78.75% | 68.17–87.11% |
Terra and Clarke (2003) | Terra and Clarke (2003) | corpus-based | 81.25% | 70.97–89.11% |
Rapp (2003) | Rapp (2003) | corpus-based | 92.50% | 84.39-97.20% |
Turney et al. (2003) | Turney et al. (2003) | hybrid | 97.50% | 91.26–99.70% |
Jarmasz, M., and Szpakowicz, S. (2003). Roget’s thesaurus and semantic similarity, Proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing (RANLP-03), Borovets, Bulgaria, September, pp. 212-219.